Bagan (Pagan), Myanmar

Bagan Tourist Attractions

Ananda Temple		Bagan Plains		Dhammayangyi Temple
Gawdawpalin Temple		Htilominlo Temple		Kyanzittha Cave
Manuha Temple		Mingalazedi		Nanpaya Temple
Nyaung-U Market		Shwesandaw Temple		Shwezigon Temple
Tharabar Gate		Thatbyinnyu Temple

Bagan, most famous Burmese ancient city

Bagan Location Map View Bagan Travel Guide in a larger map Novice monks, Shwezigon Temple, Bagan © Timothy Tye (25 November 2003) Stupa, Kyanzitta Cave © Timothy Tye (25 November 2003) Buddha image inside Manuha Temple © Timothy Tye (25 November 2003) Lunch at Green Elephant Restaurant, River View, Bagan © Timothy Tye (25 November 2003)

Bagan (formerly Pagan), is one of the most famous ancient city in Myanmar. It is the place in Myanmar to admire ancient ruins. Bagan ranks alongside Angkor and Luang Prabang as one of the most amazing sights in Southeast Asia. If you're into ancient ruins, there's more in Bagan than you could ever bargain for. Bagan is located on a dusty plain 300 km from Yangon.

Along this eastern bank of the Ayeyarwady river are over 2000 temples. That is already a lot, and yet, during the height of Bagan's power, between Anawrahta's conquest of Thaton in 1057 and Kublai Khan's invasion of Bagan in 1287, there were some 13,000 temples. It was a tradition in Bagan at that time build temples as a form of earning merit. The eleventh and twelfth centuries were a time of great prosperity in Bagan. Not only do royalties engage in the pursuit of temple building, Bagan noblemen and the well-to-do were also joining in the fray as well.

Today there are still hundreds of temple ruins in Bagan. Of these, the four most important temples in Bagan are:

Ananda Temple, the finest

Shwezigon Temple, the holiest, for it enshrines a Buddha relic

Thatbyinnyu Temple, the tallest

Dhammayangyi Temple, the widest/thickest.

The plains of Bagan has been settled as early as the 2nd century, but it was only when King Anawrahta ascended to the throne in 1044 (after liquidating his predecessor King Sokkate), that the fortunes of Bagan took a different turn. At that time Theravada Buddhism has not yet reached Upper Burma, where Bagan is located. It was brought over by Shin Arahan, a young monk from Thaton, of the Kingdom of Mon in the south. Shin Arahan was instrumental in converting King Anawrahta to Theravada Buddhism, and influential in a lot of decisions made by the king thereafter.

An eager disciple of this new belief, King Anawrahta of Bagan wanted to spread the belief to his people. So he sent a messenger to the court of King Manuha of Thaton requesting several copies of the Buddhist scriptures, Tipitaka. But Manuha disregarded the request - with terrible consequence. Angry at being snubbed, Anawrahta sent his troops to Thaton and conquered the Mon kingdom. He ransacked Thaton, and brought back to Bagan everything of value: thirty sets of Tipitaka, Mon architects, Buddhist monks, and thirty thousand prisoners including King Manuha and the entire royal family.

The immediate result of this transplant to Bagan was that King Manuha became a prisoner under house arrest in Bagan, along with his men and family. With skilled Mon architects and artisans in his hands, King Anawrahta embarked on a massive temple building campaign in Bagan that was to intensify under the reign of his son, King Kyanzittha, who built the most famous Bagan temple, Ananda. The indirect consequence is that Mon culture became dominant in Bagan, and indeed the Mon language replaced Pali and Sanskrit in the Bagan royal inscriptions. And quite naturally, Theravada Buddhist became the Bagan state religion.

Despite the vast amount of history and heritage that Bagan has to offer, it has yet to make it into the list of Unesco World Heritage Sites. Perhaps it's a political reason. Let's hope that one day it too will be recognised as such, for it is a place that any travel enthusiast keen on heritage should visit.

Getting there

You can fly to Bagan from Yangon on Air Mandalay, Air Bagan and Myanmar Airways. The airfare should be around $65. Don't expect too much comfort - I remember our luggage being transferred in what looks like an ox-cart.

Getting around

Perhaps the best way to get around is to hire a horse cart with driver. A whole day's ride explore the ruins should cost only about US$5.00. Negotiate if you have to. Some people rent bicycles to ride around, but I find Bagan to be too dusty and hot for me. It would be best to bicycle in the morning part of the day, say before 8:00 am. You can rent bicycles for as little as US$1.00 per day.

If you have the money to splurge, the most luxurious way to view Bagan is aboard a hot air balloon. This would cost you US$200 per person for an hour or so.

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